Delegations of the Governments of the United States of America
(U.S.) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) held
talks in Geneva from September 23 to October 17, 1994, to negotiate
an overall resolution of the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula.
Both sides reaffirmed the importance of attaining the objectives
contained in the August 12, 1994 Agreed Statement between the U.S.
and the DPRK and upholding the principles of the June 11, 1993
Joint Statement of the U.S. and the DPRK to achieve peace and security
on a nuclear-free Korean peninsula. The U.S. and the DPRK decided
to take the following actions for the resolution of the nuclear
issue:
I. Both sides will cooperate to replace the DPRK's graphite-moderated
reactors and related facilities with light-water
reactor (LWR) power plants.
1) In accordance with the October 20, 1994 letter of assurance
from the U.S. President, the U.S. will undertake to make arrangements
for the provision to the DPRK of a LWR project with a total generating
capacity of approximately 2,000 MW(e) by a target date of 2003.
-- The U.S. will organize under its leadership an international
consortium to finance and supply the LWR project to
be provided to the DPRK. The U.S., representing the international
consortium, will serve as the principal point of
contact with the DPRK for the LWR project.
-- The U.S., representing the consortium, will make best efforts
to secure the conclusion of a supply contract with the DPRK within
six months of the date of this Document for the provision of the
LWR project. Contract talks will begin as soon as possible after
the date of this Document.
-- As necessary, the U.S. and the DPRK will conclude a bilateral
agreement for cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear
energy.
2) In accordance with the October 20, 1994 letter of assurance
from the U.S. President, the U.S., representing the consortium,
will make arrangements to offset the energy foregone due to the
freeze of the DPRK's graphite-moderated reactors and related facilities,
pending completion of the first LWR unit.
-- Alternative energy will be provided in the form of heavy oil
for heating and electricity production.
-- Deliveries of heavy oil will begin within three months of the
date of this Document and will reach a rate of 500,000 tons annually,
in accordance with an agreed schedule of deliveries.
3) Upon receipt of U.S. assurances for the provision of LWR's
and for arrangements for interim energy alternatives, the DPRK
will freeze its graphite-moderated reactors and related facilities
and will eventually dismantle these reactors and related facilities.
-- The freeze on the DPRK's graphite-moderated reactors and related
facilities will be fully implemented within one month of the date
of this Document. During this one-month period, and throughout
the freeze, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) will
be allowed to monitor this freeze, and the DPRK will provide full
cooperation to the IAEA for this purpose.
-- Dismantlement of the DPRK's graphite-moderated reactors and
related facilities will be completed when the LWR project is completed.
-- The U.S. and DPRK will cooperated in finding a method to store
safely the spent fuel from the 5 MW(e) experimental reactor during
the construction of the LWR project, and to dispose of the fuel
in a safe manner that does not involve reprocessing in the DPRK.
4) As soon as possible after the date of this document. U.S. and
DPRK experts will hold two sets of experts talks.
-- At one set of talks, experts will discuss issues related to
alternative energy and the replacement of the graphite-moderated
reactor program with the LWR project.
-- At the other set of talks, experts will discuss specific arrangements
for spent fuel storage and ultimate disposition.
II. The two sides will move toward full normalization of political
and economic relations.
1) Within three months of the date of this Document, both sides
will reduce barriers to trade and investment, including restrictions
on telecommunications services and financial transactions.
2) Each side will open a liaison office in the other's capital
following resolution of consular and other technical issues through
expert level discussions.
3) As progress is made on issues of concern to each side, the
U.S. and DPRK will upgrade bilateral relations to the
Ambassadorial level.
III. Both sides will work together for peace and security on a
nuclear-free Korean peninsula.
1) The U.S. will provide formal assurances to the DPRK, against
the threat or use of nuclear weapons by the U.S.
2) The DPRK will consistently take steps to implement the North-South
Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean peninsula.
3) The DPRK will engage in North-South dialogue, as this Agreed
Framework will help create an atmosphere that promotes such dialogue.
IV. Both sides will work together to strengthen the international
nuclear non-proliferation regime.
1) The DPRK will remain a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and will allow
implementation of its safeguards agreement under the Treaty.
2) Upon conclusion of the supply contract for the provision of
the LWR project, ad hoc and routine inspections will resume under
the DPRK's safeguards agreement with the IAEA with respect to the
facilities not subject to the freeze. Pending conclusion of the
supply contract, inspections required by the IAEA for the continuity
of safeguards will continue at the facilities not subject to the
freeze.
3) When a significant portion of the LWR project is completed,
but before delivery of key nuclear components, the DPRK will come
into full compliance with its safeguards agreement with the IAEA
(INFCIRC/403), including taking all steps that may be deemed necessary
by the IAEA, following consultations with the Agency with regard
to verifying the accuracy and completeness of the DPRK's initial
report on all nuclear material in the DPRK.
Kang Sok Ju- Head of the Delegation for the Democratic People's
Republic of Korea, First Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Robert L. Gallucci- Head of the Delegation of United States of
America, Ambassador at Large of the United States of America
APPENDIX:
The following are the talking points used by US officials to explain
the text up until the time it was released.
US-DPRK Talks: Press Themes
-- After sixteen months of negotiations, the United States and
North Korea have reached an agreement that ends the recent threat
of nuclear proliferation in Northeast Asia and provides the basis
for more normal relations between North Korea and the rest of the
world.
-- This agreement serves the interests of our allies, South Korea
and Japan, as well as the United States. It will bring greater
security to this dangerous part of the world and contribute to
our efforts to end nuclear proliferation globally. Here are its
principal features:
-- First, it will bring the DPRK into full compliance with its
non-proliferation obligations under the Non- Proliferation Treaty
(NPT). The DPRK affirms its NPT member status, commits to complying
with its IAEA safeguards agreement, and states willingness to implement
the South- North Denuclearization Declaration.
-- Second, it terminates the existing DPRK nuclear program. Activity
at the DPRK's nuclear facilities (5 megawatt (MW) reactor, reprocessing
facility, and 50 and 200 MW reactors now under construction) will
remain frozen, under the supervision of IAEA inspectors. When light
water reactors are nearing completion, North Korea will dismantle
those facilities.
-- Third, it ensures safe disposition of the spent fuel now in
North Korea. The DPRK will forego reprocessing, and instead will
safely store and eventually ship the spent fuel out the country.
-- Fourth, it addresses the question of the past. The DPRK will
accept special inspections or other steps deemed necessary by the
IAEA before it receives any nuclear components for a light water
reactor.
-- Lastly, this agreement will draw North Korea out of its dangerous
isolation. It will help integrate Pyongyang into the economic and
political mainstream of East Asia.
-- Our part of the bargain is straightforward. We will lead an
international consortium which will oversee construction of two
1000 MW light water reactors of proliferation resistant design
in the DPRK over the next decade. Funding will chiefly come from
South Korea; Japan will also make a major contribution.
-- We and the DPRK will establish liaison offices in each other's
capitals--something that will help us oversee the
implementation of this agreement and open a channel to deal with
other issues that concern us.
-- We plan to reduce economic and financial restrictions selectively
on US citizens' dealings with the DPRK, in close consultation with
the Congress.
-- We will provide a "negative security assurance." It
would pledge us not to use nuclear weapons against North Korea
as long as it remains a member in good standing of the NPT regime.
(We have provided similar assurances to other signatories of the
NPT).
-- To compensate the DPRK for loss of energy production from further
operation of its 5 MW reactor and from abandoning 50 and 200 MW
reactors under construction, the consortium will provide the North
500,000 tons of heavy fuel oil annually for use in a specific power
plant (50,000 tons in the first three months, and 150,000 tons
in the first year of the agreement).
-- This agreement attains all our goals, including the North's
commitment to pursue South-North dialogue, without which there
can be no permanent resolution of questions of peace and security
on the Korean Peninsula.
-- We consulted our allies, Japan and South Korea, at every stage
of this arduous negotiation, including frequent
conversations between the President and President Kim Young Sam.
Korea and Japan's strong support has been essential to the success
of the talks with North Korea. They are fully on board, and doubtless
will have more to say themselves.
-- Secretary Perry will visit South Korea and Japan on October
20-22.
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